1. Complete the following statements:
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = _________.
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is ________. Such an event is called ________.
(iii) The probability of an event that is certain to happen is ________. Such an event is called _________.
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is _______.
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to _________ and less than or equal to _________.

2. Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The answer is right or wrong.
(iv) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.

3. Why is tossing a coin considered to be a fair way of deciding which team should get the ball at the beginning of a football game?

4. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event?
(A) 2/3               (B) –1.5               (C) 15%                   (D) 0.7

5. If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?

6. A bag contains lemon flavoured candies only. Malini takes out one candy without looking int o the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
(i) an orange flavoured candy?
(ii) a lemon flavoured candy?

7. It is given that in a group of 3 students, the probability of 2 students not having the same birthday is 0.992. What is the probability that the 2 students have the same birthday?

8. A bag contains 3 red balls and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random from the bag. What is the probability that the ball drawn is (i) red ? (ii) not red?

9. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ? (iii) not green?

10. A piggy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten Rs 5 coins. If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be a Rs 5 coin?

11. Gopi buys  a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 fem ale fish (see Figure). What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?

12. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see Figure), and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the probability that it will point at
(i) 8 ?   
(ii) an odd number?   
(iii) a number greater than 2? 
(iv) a number less than 9?

13. A die is thrown once. Find the probability of getting 
(i) a prime number          
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6 
(iii) an odd number.

14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour   
(ii) a face card 
(iii) a red face card          
(iv) the jack of hearts 
(v) a spade   
(vi) the queen of diamonds

15. Five cards—the ten, jack,  queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card picked up is (a) an ace?    (b) a queen?

16. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.

17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced.  Now one bulb is drawn at random  from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective ?

18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from the box, find the probability that it bears
(i) a two-digit number   
(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.